656 lines
23 KiB
Python
656 lines
23 KiB
Python
import time
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import csv
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import heapq
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from collections import deque
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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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import pandas as pd
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from dataclasses import dataclass
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import os
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class Cell:
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"""Клетка лабиринта"""
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def __init__(self, x, y, is_wall=False):
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self.x = x
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self.y = y
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self.is_wall = is_wall
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self.is_start = False
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self.is_exit = False
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def is_passable(self):
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return not self.is_wall
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class Maze:
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"""Лабиринт"""
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def __init__(self, width, height):
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self.width = width
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self.height = height
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self.cells = [[Cell(x, y) for x in range(width)] for y in range(height)]
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self.start = None
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self.exit = None
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def get_cell(self, x, y):
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if 0 <= x < self.width and 0 <= y < self.height:
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return self.cells[y][x]
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return None
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def get_neighbors(self, cell):
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neighbors = []
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for dx, dy in [(0, 1), (0, -1), (1, 0), (-1, 0)]:
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nx, ny = cell.x + dx, cell.y + dy
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nb = self.get_cell(nx, ny)
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if nb and nb.is_passable():
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neighbors.append(nb)
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return neighbors
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def __str__(self):
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result = ""
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for y in range(self.height):
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for x in range(self.width):
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cell = self.get_cell(x, y)
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if cell is None:
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result += "?"
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elif cell.is_wall:
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result += "#"
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elif cell.is_start:
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result += "S"
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elif cell.is_exit:
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result += "E"
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else:
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result += " "
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result += "\n"
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return result
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class MazeBuilder(ABC):
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@abstractmethod
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def build_from_file(self, filename):
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pass
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class TextFileMazeBuilder(MazeBuilder):
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def build_from_file(self, filename):
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with open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
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lines = [line.rstrip('\n') for line in f.readlines()]
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height = len(lines)
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width = max(len(line) for line in lines)
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maze = Maze(width, height)
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for y, line in enumerate(lines):
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for x, ch in enumerate(line):
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cell = maze.get_cell(x, y)
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if ch == '#':
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cell.is_wall = True
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elif ch == 'S':
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cell.is_start = True
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maze.start = cell
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elif ch == 'E':
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cell.is_exit = True
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maze.exit = cell
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else:
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cell.is_wall = False
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return maze
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class PathFindingStrategy(ABC):
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@abstractmethod
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def find_path(self, maze, start, exit):
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pass
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class BFSStrategy(PathFindingStrategy):
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"""Поиск в ширину"""
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def find_path(self, maze, start, exit):
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visited = set()
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if start == exit:
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return [start], 1
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queue = deque([start])
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visited.add(start)
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parent = {start: None}
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while queue:
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current = queue.popleft()
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for nb in maze.get_neighbors(current):
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if nb not in visited:
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visited.add(nb)
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parent[nb] = current
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if nb == exit:
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path = []
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node = nb
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while node is not None:
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path.append(node)
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node = parent[node]
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path.reverse()
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return path, len(visited)
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queue.append(nb)
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return [], len(visited)
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class DFSStrategy(PathFindingStrategy):
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"""Поиск в глубину"""
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def find_path(self, maze, start, exit):
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visited = set()
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stack = [(start, [start])]
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while stack:
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current, path = stack.pop()
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if current == exit:
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return path, len(visited)
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visited.add(current)
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for nb in maze.get_neighbors(current):
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if nb not in visited:
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stack.append((nb, path + [nb]))
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return [], len(visited)
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class AStarStrategy(PathFindingStrategy):
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"""Алгоритм A"""
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def heuristic(self, cell, exit):
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return abs(cell.x - exit.x) + abs(cell.y - exit.y)
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def find_path(self, maze, start, exit):
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open_set = []
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counter = 0
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heapq.heappush(open_set, (0, counter, start))
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counter += 1
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came_from = {}
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g_score = {start: 0}
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f_score = {start: self.heuristic(start, exit)}
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visited = set()
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while open_set:
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_, _, current = heapq.heappop(open_set)
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visited.add(current)
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if current == exit:
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path = []
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node = current
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while node in came_from:
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path.append(node)
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node = came_from[node]
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path.append(start)
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path.reverse()
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return path, len(visited)
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for nb in maze.get_neighbors(current):
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tentative_g = g_score[current] + 1
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if tentative_g < g_score.get(nb, float('inf')):
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came_from[nb] = current
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g_score[nb] = tentative_g
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f = tentative_g + self.heuristic(nb, exit)
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heapq.heappush(open_set, (f, counter, nb))
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counter += 1
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return [], len(visited)
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@dataclass
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class SearchStats:
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time_ms: float
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visited_cells: int
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path_length: int
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algorithm: str
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class MazeSolver:
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def __init__(self, maze, strategy):
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self.maze = maze
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self.strategy = strategy
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def set_strategy(self, strategy):
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self.strategy = strategy
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def solve(self):
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if self.maze.start is None or self.maze.exit is None:
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raise ValueError("Лабиринт не имеет старта или выхода")
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start_time = time.perf_counter()
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path, visited = self.strategy.find_path(self.maze, self.maze.start, self.maze.exit)
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end_time = time.perf_counter()
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stats = SearchStats(
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time_ms=(end_time - start_time) * 1000,
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visited_cells=visited,
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path_length=len(path),
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algorithm=self.strategy.__class__.__name__
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)
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return path, stats
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class Observer(ABC):
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@abstractmethod
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def update(self, event_type, data=None):
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pass
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class ConsoleLogger(Observer):
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def update(self, event_type, data=None):
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if event_type == "search_start":
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print(f"[LOG] Поиск пути начат")
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elif event_type == "path_found":
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print(f"[LOG] Путь найден! Длина: {data}")
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elif event_type == "no_path":
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print("[LOG] Путь не найден")
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elif event_type == "step":
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print(f"[LOG] Шаг: {data}")
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class MazeSolverWithObserver(MazeSolver):
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def __init__(self, maze, strategy, observers=None):
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super().__init__(maze, strategy)
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self.observers = observers if observers else []
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def attach(self, observer):
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self.observers.append(observer)
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def detach(self, observer):
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self.observers.remove(observer)
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def notify(self, event_type, data=None):
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for obs in self.observers:
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obs.update(event_type, data)
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def solve(self):
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if self.maze.start is None or self.maze.exit is None:
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raise ValueError("Лабиринт не имеет старта или выхода")
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self.notify("search_start")
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start_time = time.perf_counter()
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path, visited = self.strategy.find_path(self.maze, self.maze.start, self.maze.exit)
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end_time = time.perf_counter()
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if path:
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self.notify("path_found", len(path))
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else:
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self.notify("no_path")
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stats = SearchStats(
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time_ms=(end_time - start_time) * 1000,
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visited_cells=visited,
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path_length=len(path),
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algorithm=self.strategy.__class__.__name__
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)
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return path, stats
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class Command(ABC):
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@abstractmethod
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def execute(self):
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pass
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@abstractmethod
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def undo(self):
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pass
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class MoveCommand(Command):
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def __init__(self, player, direction, maze):
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self.player = player
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self.direction = direction
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self.maze = maze
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self.prev_pos = None
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def execute(self):
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self.prev_pos = self.player.current_cell
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dx, dy = self.direction
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nx, ny = self.player.current_cell.x + dx, self.player.current_cell.y + dy
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new_cell = self.maze.get_cell(nx, ny)
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if new_cell and new_cell.is_passable():
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self.player.current_cell = new_cell
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return True
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return False
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def undo(self):
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if self.prev_pos:
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self.player.current_cell = self.prev_pos
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return True
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return False
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class Player:
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def __init__(self, start_cell):
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self.current_cell = start_cell
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def interactive_move_demo(maze, path):
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"""Демонстрация движения с отменой последнего шага"""
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if not path:
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print("Путь не найден, демонстрация движения невозможна.")
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return
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player = Player(maze.start)
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command_history = []
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print("\n Интерактивное движение по найденному пути")
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print("Текущая позиция: старт")
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for step, cell in enumerate(path):
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if cell == maze.start:
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continue
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prev = path[step-1]
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dx = cell.x - prev.x
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dy = cell.y - prev.y
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cmd = MoveCommand(player, (dx, dy), maze)
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cmd.execute()
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command_history.append(cmd)
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print(f"Шаг {step}: перемещение на ({dx},{dy}), позиция ({player.current_cell.x},{player.current_cell.y})")
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if cell == maze.exit:
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print("Достигнут выход!")
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break
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if command_history:
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print("\nДемонстрация отмены последнего шага")
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cmd = command_history[-1]
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cmd.undo()
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print(f"Отменён последний шаг, позиция: ({player.current_cell.x},{player.current_cell.y})")
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def test_single_maze(filename, strategies, repeats=5):
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"""Тестирование одного лабиринта с разными стратегиями"""
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builder = TextFileMazeBuilder()
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maze = builder.build_from_file(filename)
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results = []
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for strategy in strategies:
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solver = MazeSolver(maze, strategy)
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times = []
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visits = []
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lengths = []
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for _ in range(repeats):
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_, stats = solver.solve()
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times.append(stats.time_ms)
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visits.append(stats.visited_cells)
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lengths.append(stats.path_length)
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results.append({
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'algorithm': strategy.__class__.__name__,
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'avg_time_ms': sum(times) / repeats,
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'avg_visited': sum(visits) / repeats,
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'avg_path_len': sum(lengths) / repeats
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})
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return results
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def save_maze_to_file(maze, filename):
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"""Сохранение лабиринта в файл"""
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os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(filename), exist_ok=True)
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with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
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for y in range(maze.height):
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line = ""
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for x in range(maze.width):
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cell = maze.get_cell(x, y)
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if cell.is_wall:
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line += "#"
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elif cell.is_start:
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line += "S"
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elif cell.is_exit:
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line += "E"
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else:
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line += " "
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f.write(line + "\n")
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def create_test_mazes():
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"""Создание тестовых лабиринтов"""
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os.makedirs("mazes", exist_ok=True)
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# 1. Простой лабиринт 10x10 (tiny.txt)
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maze1 = Maze(10, 10)
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for y in range(10):
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for x in range(10):
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is_start = (x == 0 and y == 0)
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is_exit = (x == 9 and y == 0)
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is_wall = False
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if y == 1 and x not in [0, 1, 9]:
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is_wall = True
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if y == 2 and x not in [9]:
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is_wall = True
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if y == 3 and x not in [0, 9]:
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is_wall = True
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if y == 4 and x not in [0, 1, 9]:
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is_wall = True
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if y == 5 and x not in [9]:
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is_wall = True
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if y == 6 and x not in [0, 9]:
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is_wall = True
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if y == 7 and x not in [9]:
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is_wall = True
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if y == 8 and x not in [0, 9]:
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is_wall = True
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cell = Cell(x, y, is_wall=is_wall)
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cell.is_start = is_start
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cell.is_exit = is_exit
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maze1.cells[y][x] = cell
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if is_start:
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maze1.start = cell
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if is_exit:
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maze1.exit = cell
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save_maze_to_file(maze1, "mazes/tiny.txt")
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# 2. Средний лабиринт 15x15 (medium.txt)
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maze2 = Maze(15, 15)
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for y in range(15):
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for x in range(15):
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is_start = (x == 0 and y == 0)
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is_exit = (x == 14 and y == 14)
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is_wall = (x % 3 == 1 and y % 2 == 0) and not is_start and not is_exit
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cell = Cell(x, y, is_wall=is_wall)
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cell.is_start = is_start
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cell.is_exit = is_exit
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maze2.cells[y][x] = cell
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if is_start:
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maze2.start = cell
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if is_exit:
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maze2.exit = cell
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save_maze_to_file(maze2, "mazes/medium.txt")
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# 3. Большой лабиринт 30x30 (large.txt)
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maze3 = Maze(30, 30)
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for y in range(30):
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for x in range(30):
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is_start = (x == 0 and y == 0)
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is_exit = (x == 29 and y == 29)
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is_wall = (x % 2 == 0 and y % 3 == 0) and not is_start and not is_exit
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cell = Cell(x, y, is_wall=is_wall)
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cell.is_start = is_start
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cell.is_exit = is_exit
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maze3.cells[y][x] = cell
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if is_start:
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maze3.start = cell
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if is_exit:
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maze3.exit = cell
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save_maze_to_file(maze3, "mazes/large.txt")
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# 4. Пустой лабиринт 15x15 (empty.txt)
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maze4 = Maze(15, 15)
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for y in range(15):
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for x in range(15):
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is_start = (x == 0 and y == 0)
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is_exit = (x == 14 and y == 14)
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cell = Cell(x, y, is_wall=False)
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cell.is_start = is_start
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cell.is_exit = is_exit
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maze4.cells[y][x] = cell
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if is_start:
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maze4.start = cell
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if is_exit:
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maze4.exit = cell
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save_maze_to_file(maze4, "mazes/empty.txt")
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# 5. Лабиринт без выхода 10x10 (no_exit.txt)
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maze5 = Maze(10, 10)
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for y in range(10):
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for x in range(10):
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is_start = (x == 0 and y == 0)
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is_exit = (x == 9 and y == 9)
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is_wall = (x > 0 and y > 0) and not is_start
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cell = Cell(x, y, is_wall=is_wall)
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cell.is_start = is_start
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cell.is_exit = is_exit
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maze5.cells[y][x] = cell
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if is_start:
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maze5.start = cell
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if is_exit:
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maze5.exit = cell
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save_maze_to_file(maze5, "mazes/no_exit.txt")
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def print_analysis():
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"""Вывод анализа эффективности алгоритмов"""
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print(" АНАЛИЗ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ АЛГОРИТМОВ ПОИСКА ПУТИ")
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print("""
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BFS (Поиск в ширину):
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- Всегда находит КРАТЧАЙШИЙ путь
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- Сложность O(V+E)
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- Много памяти (очередь)
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- Лучший выбор для поиска минимального пути
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DFS (Поиск в глубину):
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- НЕ гарантирует кратчайший путь
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- Сложность O(V+E)
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- Мало памяти
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- Быстрый, но путь может быть очень длинным
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- Хорош для проверки существования пути
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A* (Алгоритм с эвристикой):
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- Находит КРАТЧАЙШИЙ путь (при допустимой эвристике)
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- Эвристика: манхэттенское расстояние |x1-x2| + |y1-y2|
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- Быстрее BFS благодаря целенаправленному поиску
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- Лучший выбор для больших запутанных лабиринтов
|
||
""")
|
||
|
||
print("""
|
||
ВЛИЯНИЕ ТИПА ЛАБИРИНТА:
|
||
|
||
Простой лабиринт (tiny.txt):
|
||
- Все алгоритмы работают быстро
|
||
- Разница в скорости незначительна
|
||
- BFS и A* находят оптимальный путь
|
||
- DFS может найти более длинный путь
|
||
|
||
Средний лабиринт (medium.txt):
|
||
- A* начинает показывать преимущество
|
||
- BFS исследует больше клеток
|
||
- DFS может заблудиться в тупиках
|
||
|
||
Большой лабиринт (large.txt):
|
||
- A* значительно быстрее BFS
|
||
- DFS сильно проигрывает на запутанных лабиринтах
|
||
|
||
Пустой лабиринт (empty.txt):
|
||
- A* значительно быстрее BFS
|
||
- DFS быстро уходит вглубь, но путь неоптимальный
|
||
|
||
Лабиринт без выхода (no_exit.txt):
|
||
- Все алгоритмы обходят все достижимые клетки
|
||
- Возвращают пустой путь
|
||
""")
|
||
|
||
print("""
|
||
ВЫВОДЫ ПО ПАТТЕРНАМ:
|
||
|
||
BUILDER:
|
||
- Легко добавить новый формат
|
||
- Код загрузки не смешивается с логикой лабиринта
|
||
|
||
STRATEGY:
|
||
- Алгоритмы можно менять во время выполнения
|
||
- Легко добавить новый алгоритм
|
||
- Код не дублируется
|
||
|
||
OBSERVER:
|
||
- Отделяет визуализацию от логики
|
||
- Легко добавить GUI или логирование
|
||
- Наблюдателей можно добавлять динамически
|
||
|
||
COMMAND:
|
||
- Позволяет выполнять и отменять действия
|
||
- Удобно для пошагового управления
|
||
- История команд позволяет сохранять/загружать состояние
|
||
""")
|
||
|
||
def main():
|
||
print("ЛАБОРАТОРНАЯ РАБОТА №2: ПОИСК ВЫХОДА ИЗ ЛАБИРИНТА")
|
||
print("Паттерны: Builder, Strategy, Observer, Command")
|
||
|
||
# Создание тестовых лабиринтов
|
||
print("\n1. СОЗДАНИЕ ТЕСТОВЫХ ЛАБИРИНТОВ...")
|
||
create_test_mazes()
|
||
print(" Созданы лабиринты: tiny, medium, large, empty, no_exit")
|
||
|
||
# Список файлов лабиринтов
|
||
maze_files = [
|
||
"mazes/tiny.txt",
|
||
"mazes/medium.txt",
|
||
"mazes/large.txt",
|
||
"mazes/empty.txt",
|
||
"mazes/no_exit.txt"
|
||
]
|
||
|
||
strategies = [BFSStrategy(), DFSStrategy(), AStarStrategy()]
|
||
all_results = []
|
||
|
||
# Демонстрация Observer и Command на первом лабиринте
|
||
print("\n2. ДЕМОНСТРАЦИЯ РАБОТЫ ПРОГРАММЫ")
|
||
|
||
builder = TextFileMazeBuilder()
|
||
maze = builder.build_from_file("mazes/tiny.txt")
|
||
print("Лабиринт tiny.txt:")
|
||
print(maze)
|
||
|
||
logger = ConsoleLogger()
|
||
solver_with_observer = MazeSolverWithObserver(maze, strategies[0], observers=[logger])
|
||
path, _ = solver_with_observer.solve()
|
||
interactive_move_demo(maze, path)
|
||
|
||
# Эксперименты
|
||
print("3. ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ АЛГОРИТМОВ")
|
||
|
||
for maze_file in maze_files:
|
||
try:
|
||
results = test_single_maze(maze_file, strategies)
|
||
for r in results:
|
||
r['maze'] = maze_file
|
||
all_results.append(r)
|
||
print(f"\n{maze_file}:")
|
||
for r in results:
|
||
print(f" {r['algorithm']}: {r['avg_time_ms']:.3f} мс, "
|
||
f"посещено {r['avg_visited']:.1f}, путь {r['avg_path_len']:.1f}")
|
||
except Exception as e:
|
||
print(f"Ошибка при обработке {maze_file}: {e}")
|
||
|
||
# Сохранение CSV
|
||
if all_results:
|
||
os.makedirs("results", exist_ok=True)
|
||
with open('results/all_results.csv', 'w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as f:
|
||
writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=['maze', 'algorithm', 'avg_time_ms', 'avg_visited', 'avg_path_len'])
|
||
writer.writeheader()
|
||
writer.writerows(all_results)
|
||
print("\nРезультаты сохранены в results/all_results.csv")
|
||
|
||
# Построение графиков для каждого лабиринта
|
||
df = pd.DataFrame(all_results)
|
||
for maze in df['maze'].unique():
|
||
subset = df[df['maze'] == maze]
|
||
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
|
||
bars = plt.bar(subset['algorithm'], subset['avg_time_ms'], color=['blue', 'green', 'red'])
|
||
plt.title(f'Сравнение алгоритмов на лабиринте {maze}')
|
||
plt.ylabel('Среднее время (мс)')
|
||
plt.xlabel('Алгоритм')
|
||
for bar, val in zip(bars, subset['avg_time_ms']):
|
||
plt.text(bar.get_x() + bar.get_width()/2, bar.get_height() + 0.5,
|
||
f'{val:.3f}', ha='center', va='bottom', fontsize=9)
|
||
plt.tight_layout()
|
||
filename = f'results/plot_{maze.replace("/", "_")}.png'
|
||
plt.savefig(filename)
|
||
plt.close()
|
||
print(f" Сохранён график: {filename}")
|
||
|
||
# Сводный график
|
||
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
|
||
for alg in df['algorithm'].unique():
|
||
subset = df[df['algorithm'] == alg]
|
||
plt.plot(subset['maze'], subset['avg_time_ms'], marker='o', linewidth=2, markersize=8, label=alg)
|
||
plt.xlabel('Лабиринт')
|
||
plt.ylabel('Среднее время (мс)')
|
||
plt.title('Сравнение эффективности алгоритмов на разных лабиринтах')
|
||
plt.legend()
|
||
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
|
||
plt.xticks(rotation=45)
|
||
plt.tight_layout()
|
||
plt.savefig('results/summary_comparison.png')
|
||
plt.show()
|
||
|
||
print("\nГрафики сохранены в папке results/")
|
||
print(" - plot_*.png - графики для каждого лабиринта")
|
||
print(" - summary_comparison.png - сводный график")
|
||
|
||
print_analysis()
|
||
|
||
print("ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТ ЗАВЕРШЁН")
|
||
|
||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||
main() |