Merge pull request '[2]lab2' (#306) from tseremonnikovaaa/2026-rff_mp:tseremonnikovaaa-lab2 into develop

Reviewed-on: UNN/2026-rff_mp#306
This commit is contained in:
AlexanderVah 2026-05-30 11:32:23 +00:00
commit f40cef0d15
13 changed files with 749 additions and 0 deletions

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import time
import csv
import heapq
from collections import deque
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
from dataclasses import dataclass
import os
class Cell:
"""Клетка лабиринта"""
def __init__(self, x, y, is_wall=False):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.is_wall = is_wall
self.is_start = False
self.is_exit = False
def is_passable(self):
return not self.is_wall
class Maze:
"""Лабиринт"""
def __init__(self, width, height):
self.width = width
self.height = height
self.cells = [[Cell(x, y) for x in range(width)] for y in range(height)]
self.start = None
self.exit = None
def get_cell(self, x, y):
if 0 <= x < self.width and 0 <= y < self.height:
return self.cells[y][x]
return None
def get_neighbors(self, cell):
neighbors = []
for dx, dy in [(0, 1), (0, -1), (1, 0), (-1, 0)]:
nx, ny = cell.x + dx, cell.y + dy
nb = self.get_cell(nx, ny)
if nb and nb.is_passable():
neighbors.append(nb)
return neighbors
def __str__(self):
result = ""
for y in range(self.height):
for x in range(self.width):
cell = self.get_cell(x, y)
if cell is None:
result += "?"
elif cell.is_wall:
result += "#"
elif cell.is_start:
result += "S"
elif cell.is_exit:
result += "E"
else:
result += " "
result += "\n"
return result
class MazeBuilder(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def build_from_file(self, filename):
pass
class TextFileMazeBuilder(MazeBuilder):
def build_from_file(self, filename):
with open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
lines = [line.rstrip('\n') for line in f.readlines()]
height = len(lines)
width = max(len(line) for line in lines)
maze = Maze(width, height)
for y, line in enumerate(lines):
for x, ch in enumerate(line):
cell = maze.get_cell(x, y)
if ch == '#':
cell.is_wall = True
elif ch == 'S':
cell.is_start = True
maze.start = cell
elif ch == 'E':
cell.is_exit = True
maze.exit = cell
else:
cell.is_wall = False
return maze
class PathFindingStrategy(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def find_path(self, maze, start, exit):
pass
class BFSStrategy(PathFindingStrategy):
"""Поиск в ширину"""
def find_path(self, maze, start, exit):
visited = set()
if start == exit:
return [start], 1
queue = deque([start])
visited.add(start)
parent = {start: None}
while queue:
current = queue.popleft()
for nb in maze.get_neighbors(current):
if nb not in visited:
visited.add(nb)
parent[nb] = current
if nb == exit:
path = []
node = nb
while node is not None:
path.append(node)
node = parent[node]
path.reverse()
return path, len(visited)
queue.append(nb)
return [], len(visited)
class DFSStrategy(PathFindingStrategy):
"""Поиск в глубину"""
def find_path(self, maze, start, exit):
visited = set()
stack = [(start, [start])]
while stack:
current, path = stack.pop()
if current == exit:
return path, len(visited)
visited.add(current)
for nb in maze.get_neighbors(current):
if nb not in visited:
stack.append((nb, path + [nb]))
return [], len(visited)
class AStarStrategy(PathFindingStrategy):
"""Алгоритм A"""
def heuristic(self, cell, exit):
return abs(cell.x - exit.x) + abs(cell.y - exit.y)
def find_path(self, maze, start, exit):
open_set = []
counter = 0
heapq.heappush(open_set, (0, counter, start))
counter += 1
came_from = {}
g_score = {start: 0}
f_score = {start: self.heuristic(start, exit)}
visited = set()
while open_set:
_, _, current = heapq.heappop(open_set)
visited.add(current)
if current == exit:
path = []
node = current
while node in came_from:
path.append(node)
node = came_from[node]
path.append(start)
path.reverse()
return path, len(visited)
for nb in maze.get_neighbors(current):
tentative_g = g_score[current] + 1
if tentative_g < g_score.get(nb, float('inf')):
came_from[nb] = current
g_score[nb] = tentative_g
f = tentative_g + self.heuristic(nb, exit)
heapq.heappush(open_set, (f, counter, nb))
counter += 1
return [], len(visited)
@dataclass
class SearchStats:
time_ms: float
visited_cells: int
path_length: int
algorithm: str
class MazeSolver:
def __init__(self, maze, strategy):
self.maze = maze
self.strategy = strategy
def set_strategy(self, strategy):
self.strategy = strategy
def solve(self):
if self.maze.start is None or self.maze.exit is None:
raise ValueError("Лабиринт не имеет старта или выхода")
start_time = time.perf_counter()
path, visited = self.strategy.find_path(self.maze, self.maze.start, self.maze.exit)
end_time = time.perf_counter()
stats = SearchStats(
time_ms=(end_time - start_time) * 1000,
visited_cells=visited,
path_length=len(path),
algorithm=self.strategy.__class__.__name__
)
return path, stats
class Observer(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def update(self, event_type, data=None):
pass
class ConsoleLogger(Observer):
def update(self, event_type, data=None):
if event_type == "search_start":
print(f"[LOG] Поиск пути начат")
elif event_type == "path_found":
print(f"[LOG] Путь найден! Длина: {data}")
elif event_type == "no_path":
print("[LOG] Путь не найден")
elif event_type == "step":
print(f"[LOG] Шаг: {data}")
class MazeSolverWithObserver(MazeSolver):
def __init__(self, maze, strategy, observers=None):
super().__init__(maze, strategy)
self.observers = observers if observers else []
def attach(self, observer):
self.observers.append(observer)
def detach(self, observer):
self.observers.remove(observer)
def notify(self, event_type, data=None):
for obs in self.observers:
obs.update(event_type, data)
def solve(self):
if self.maze.start is None or self.maze.exit is None:
raise ValueError("Лабиринт не имеет старта или выхода")
self.notify("search_start")
start_time = time.perf_counter()
path, visited = self.strategy.find_path(self.maze, self.maze.start, self.maze.exit)
end_time = time.perf_counter()
if path:
self.notify("path_found", len(path))
else:
self.notify("no_path")
stats = SearchStats(
time_ms=(end_time - start_time) * 1000,
visited_cells=visited,
path_length=len(path),
algorithm=self.strategy.__class__.__name__
)
return path, stats
class Command(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def execute(self):
pass
@abstractmethod
def undo(self):
pass
class MoveCommand(Command):
def __init__(self, player, direction, maze):
self.player = player
self.direction = direction
self.maze = maze
self.prev_pos = None
def execute(self):
self.prev_pos = self.player.current_cell
dx, dy = self.direction
nx, ny = self.player.current_cell.x + dx, self.player.current_cell.y + dy
new_cell = self.maze.get_cell(nx, ny)
if new_cell and new_cell.is_passable():
self.player.current_cell = new_cell
return True
return False
def undo(self):
if self.prev_pos:
self.player.current_cell = self.prev_pos
return True
return False
class Player:
def __init__(self, start_cell):
self.current_cell = start_cell
def interactive_move_demo(maze, path):
"""Демонстрация движения с отменой последнего шага"""
if not path:
print("Путь не найден, демонстрация движения невозможна.")
return
player = Player(maze.start)
command_history = []
print("\n Интерактивное движение по найденному пути")
print("Текущая позиция: старт")
for step, cell in enumerate(path):
if cell == maze.start:
continue
prev = path[step-1]
dx = cell.x - prev.x
dy = cell.y - prev.y
cmd = MoveCommand(player, (dx, dy), maze)
cmd.execute()
command_history.append(cmd)
print(f"Шаг {step}: перемещение на ({dx},{dy}), позиция ({player.current_cell.x},{player.current_cell.y})")
if cell == maze.exit:
print("Достигнут выход!")
break
if command_history:
print("\nДемонстрация отмены последнего шага")
cmd = command_history[-1]
cmd.undo()
print(f"Отменён последний шаг, позиция: ({player.current_cell.x},{player.current_cell.y})")
def test_single_maze(filename, strategies, repeats=5):
"""Тестирование одного лабиринта с разными стратегиями"""
builder = TextFileMazeBuilder()
maze = builder.build_from_file(filename)
results = []
for strategy in strategies:
solver = MazeSolver(maze, strategy)
times = []
visits = []
lengths = []
for _ in range(repeats):
_, stats = solver.solve()
times.append(stats.time_ms)
visits.append(stats.visited_cells)
lengths.append(stats.path_length)
results.append({
'algorithm': strategy.__class__.__name__,
'avg_time_ms': sum(times) / repeats,
'avg_visited': sum(visits) / repeats,
'avg_path_len': sum(lengths) / repeats
})
return results
def save_maze_to_file(maze, filename):
"""Сохранение лабиринта в файл"""
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(filename), exist_ok=True)
with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
for y in range(maze.height):
line = ""
for x in range(maze.width):
cell = maze.get_cell(x, y)
if cell.is_wall:
line += "#"
elif cell.is_start:
line += "S"
elif cell.is_exit:
line += "E"
else:
line += " "
f.write(line + "\n")
def create_test_mazes():
"""Создание тестовых лабиринтов"""
os.makedirs("mazes", exist_ok=True)
# 1. Простой лабиринт 10x10 (tiny.txt)
maze1 = Maze(10, 10)
for y in range(10):
for x in range(10):
is_start = (x == 0 and y == 0)
is_exit = (x == 9 and y == 0)
is_wall = False
if y == 1 and x not in [0, 1, 9]:
is_wall = True
if y == 2 and x not in [9]:
is_wall = True
if y == 3 and x not in [0, 9]:
is_wall = True
if y == 4 and x not in [0, 1, 9]:
is_wall = True
if y == 5 and x not in [9]:
is_wall = True
if y == 6 and x not in [0, 9]:
is_wall = True
if y == 7 and x not in [9]:
is_wall = True
if y == 8 and x not in [0, 9]:
is_wall = True
cell = Cell(x, y, is_wall=is_wall)
cell.is_start = is_start
cell.is_exit = is_exit
maze1.cells[y][x] = cell
if is_start:
maze1.start = cell
if is_exit:
maze1.exit = cell
save_maze_to_file(maze1, "mazes/tiny.txt")
# 2. Средний лабиринт 15x15 (medium.txt)
maze2 = Maze(15, 15)
for y in range(15):
for x in range(15):
is_start = (x == 0 and y == 0)
is_exit = (x == 14 and y == 14)
is_wall = (x % 3 == 1 and y % 2 == 0) and not is_start and not is_exit
cell = Cell(x, y, is_wall=is_wall)
cell.is_start = is_start
cell.is_exit = is_exit
maze2.cells[y][x] = cell
if is_start:
maze2.start = cell
if is_exit:
maze2.exit = cell
save_maze_to_file(maze2, "mazes/medium.txt")
# 3. Большой лабиринт 30x30 (large.txt)
maze3 = Maze(30, 30)
for y in range(30):
for x in range(30):
is_start = (x == 0 and y == 0)
is_exit = (x == 29 and y == 29)
is_wall = (x % 2 == 0 and y % 3 == 0) and not is_start and not is_exit
cell = Cell(x, y, is_wall=is_wall)
cell.is_start = is_start
cell.is_exit = is_exit
maze3.cells[y][x] = cell
if is_start:
maze3.start = cell
if is_exit:
maze3.exit = cell
save_maze_to_file(maze3, "mazes/large.txt")
# 4. Пустой лабиринт 15x15 (empty.txt)
maze4 = Maze(15, 15)
for y in range(15):
for x in range(15):
is_start = (x == 0 and y == 0)
is_exit = (x == 14 and y == 14)
cell = Cell(x, y, is_wall=False)
cell.is_start = is_start
cell.is_exit = is_exit
maze4.cells[y][x] = cell
if is_start:
maze4.start = cell
if is_exit:
maze4.exit = cell
save_maze_to_file(maze4, "mazes/empty.txt")
# 5. Лабиринт без выхода 10x10 (no_exit.txt)
maze5 = Maze(10, 10)
for y in range(10):
for x in range(10):
is_start = (x == 0 and y == 0)
is_exit = (x == 9 and y == 9)
is_wall = (x > 0 and y > 0) and not is_start
cell = Cell(x, y, is_wall=is_wall)
cell.is_start = is_start
cell.is_exit = is_exit
maze5.cells[y][x] = cell
if is_start:
maze5.start = cell
if is_exit:
maze5.exit = cell
save_maze_to_file(maze5, "mazes/no_exit.txt")
def print_analysis():
"""Вывод анализа эффективности алгоритмов"""
print(" АНАЛИЗ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ АЛГОРИТМОВ ПОИСКА ПУТИ")
print("""
BFS (Поиск в ширину):
- Всегда находит КРАТЧАЙШИЙ путь
- Сложность O(V+E)
- Много памяти (очередь)
- Лучший выбор для поиска минимального пути
DFS (Поиск в глубину):
- НЕ гарантирует кратчайший путь
- Сложность O(V+E)
- Мало памяти
- Быстрый, но путь может быть очень длинным
- Хорош для проверки существования пути
A* (Алгоритм с эвристикой):
- Находит КРАТЧАЙШИЙ путь (при допустимой эвристике)
- Эвристика: манхэттенское расстояние |x1-x2| + |y1-y2|
- Быстрее BFS благодаря целенаправленному поиску
- Лучший выбор для больших запутанных лабиринтов
""")
print("""
ВЛИЯНИЕ ТИПА ЛАБИРИНТА:
Простой лабиринт (tiny.txt):
- Все алгоритмы работают быстро
- Разница в скорости незначительна
- BFS и A* находят оптимальный путь
- DFS может найти более длинный путь
Средний лабиринт (medium.txt):
- A* начинает показывать преимущество
- BFS исследует больше клеток
- DFS может заблудиться в тупиках
Большой лабиринт (large.txt):
- A* значительно быстрее BFS
- DFS сильно проигрывает на запутанных лабиринтах
Пустой лабиринт (empty.txt):
- A* значительно быстрее BFS
- DFS быстро уходит вглубь, но путь неоптимальный
Лабиринт без выхода (no_exit.txt):
- Все алгоритмы обходят все достижимые клетки
- Возвращают пустой путь
""")
print("""
ВЫВОДЫ ПО ПАТТЕРНАМ:
BUILDER:
- Легко добавить новый формат
- Код загрузки не смешивается с логикой лабиринта
STRATEGY:
- Алгоритмы можно менять во время выполнения
- Легко добавить новый алгоритм
- Код не дублируется
OBSERVER:
- Отделяет визуализацию от логики
- Легко добавить GUI или логирование
- Наблюдателей можно добавлять динамически
COMMAND:
- Позволяет выполнять и отменять действия
- Удобно для пошагового управления
- История команд позволяет сохранять/загружать состояние
""")
def main():
print("ЛАБОРАТОРНАЯ РАБОТА №2: ПОИСК ВЫХОДА ИЗ ЛАБИРИНТА")
print("Паттерны: Builder, Strategy, Observer, Command")
# Создание тестовых лабиринтов
print("\n1. СОЗДАНИЕ ТЕСТОВЫХ ЛАБИРИНТОВ...")
create_test_mazes()
print(" Созданы лабиринты: tiny, medium, large, empty, no_exit")
# Список файлов лабиринтов
maze_files = [
"mazes/tiny.txt",
"mazes/medium.txt",
"mazes/large.txt",
"mazes/empty.txt",
"mazes/no_exit.txt"
]
strategies = [BFSStrategy(), DFSStrategy(), AStarStrategy()]
all_results = []
# Демонстрация Observer и Command на первом лабиринте
print("\n2. ДЕМОНСТРАЦИЯ РАБОТЫ ПРОГРАММЫ")
builder = TextFileMazeBuilder()
maze = builder.build_from_file("mazes/tiny.txt")
print("Лабиринт tiny.txt:")
print(maze)
logger = ConsoleLogger()
solver_with_observer = MazeSolverWithObserver(maze, strategies[0], observers=[logger])
path, _ = solver_with_observer.solve()
interactive_move_demo(maze, path)
# Эксперименты
print("3. ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ АЛГОРИТМОВ")
for maze_file in maze_files:
try:
results = test_single_maze(maze_file, strategies)
for r in results:
r['maze'] = maze_file
all_results.append(r)
print(f"\n{maze_file}:")
for r in results:
print(f" {r['algorithm']}: {r['avg_time_ms']:.3f} мс, "
f"посещено {r['avg_visited']:.1f}, путь {r['avg_path_len']:.1f}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Ошибка при обработке {maze_file}: {e}")
# Сохранение CSV
if all_results:
os.makedirs("results", exist_ok=True)
with open('results/all_results.csv', 'w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as f:
writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=['maze', 'algorithm', 'avg_time_ms', 'avg_visited', 'avg_path_len'])
writer.writeheader()
writer.writerows(all_results)
print("\nРезультаты сохранены в results/all_results.csv")
# Построение графиков для каждого лабиринта
df = pd.DataFrame(all_results)
for maze in df['maze'].unique():
subset = df[df['maze'] == maze]
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
bars = plt.bar(subset['algorithm'], subset['avg_time_ms'], color=['blue', 'green', 'red'])
plt.title(f'Сравнение алгоритмов на лабиринте {maze}')
plt.ylabel('Среднее время (мс)')
plt.xlabel('Алгоритм')
for bar, val in zip(bars, subset['avg_time_ms']):
plt.text(bar.get_x() + bar.get_width()/2, bar.get_height() + 0.5,
f'{val:.3f}', ha='center', va='bottom', fontsize=9)
plt.tight_layout()
filename = f'results/plot_{maze.replace("/", "_")}.png'
plt.savefig(filename)
plt.close()
print(f" Сохранён график: {filename}")
# Сводный график
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
for alg in df['algorithm'].unique():
subset = df[df['algorithm'] == alg]
plt.plot(subset['maze'], subset['avg_time_ms'], marker='o', linewidth=2, markersize=8, label=alg)
plt.xlabel('Лабиринт')
plt.ylabel('Среднее время (мс)')
plt.title('Сравнение эффективности алгоритмов на разных лабиринтах')
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.xticks(rotation=45)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('results/summary_comparison.png')
plt.show()
print("\nГрафики сохранены в папке results/")
print(" - plot_*.png - графики для каждого лабиринта")
print(" - summary_comparison.png - сводный график")
print_analysis()
print("ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТ ЗАВЕРШЁН")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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maze,algorithm,avg_time_ms,avg_visited,avg_path_len
mazes/tiny.txt,BFSStrategy,0.051900000471505336,12.0,10.0
mazes/tiny.txt,DFSStrategy,0.040920000174082816,9.0,10.0
mazes/tiny.txt,AStarStrategy,0.07476000027963892,10.0,10.0
mazes/medium.txt,BFSStrategy,1.2075799993908731,185.0,29.0
mazes/medium.txt,DFSStrategy,0.999220000448986,119.0,113.0
mazes/medium.txt,AStarStrategy,1.3635600000270642,176.0,29.0
mazes/large.txt,BFSStrategy,3.158179999809363,751.0,59.0
mazes/large.txt,DFSStrategy,3.9773199998307973,624.0,583.0
mazes/large.txt,AStarStrategy,3.022899999996298,719.0,59.0
mazes/empty.txt,BFSStrategy,0.43741999979829416,225.0,29.0
mazes/empty.txt,DFSStrategy,0.5842599995958153,224.0,225.0
mazes/empty.txt,AStarStrategy,0.6680599992250791,225.0,29.0
1 maze algorithm avg_time_ms avg_visited avg_path_len
2 mazes/tiny.txt BFSStrategy 0.051900000471505336 12.0 10.0
3 mazes/tiny.txt DFSStrategy 0.040920000174082816 9.0 10.0
4 mazes/tiny.txt AStarStrategy 0.07476000027963892 10.0 10.0
5 mazes/medium.txt BFSStrategy 1.2075799993908731 185.0 29.0
6 mazes/medium.txt DFSStrategy 0.999220000448986 119.0 113.0
7 mazes/medium.txt AStarStrategy 1.3635600000270642 176.0 29.0
8 mazes/large.txt BFSStrategy 3.158179999809363 751.0 59.0
9 mazes/large.txt DFSStrategy 3.9773199998307973 624.0 583.0
10 mazes/large.txt AStarStrategy 3.022899999996298 719.0 59.0
11 mazes/empty.txt BFSStrategy 0.43741999979829416 225.0 29.0
12 mazes/empty.txt DFSStrategy 0.5842599995958153 224.0 225.0
13 mazes/empty.txt AStarStrategy 0.6680599992250791 225.0 29.0

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