2026-rff_mp/SmirnovVS/docs/data/2-nd-exercize/maze_app.py

"""Модель лабиринта и алгоритмы поиска с паттернами Builder, Strategy, Observer."""

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from collections import deque
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from heapq import heappop, heappush
from itertools import count
from pathlib import Path
from time import perf_counter


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Cell:
    x: int
    y: int
    is_wall: bool = False
    is_start: bool = False
    is_exit: bool = False

    def is_passable(self):
        return not self.is_wall


class Maze:
    def __init__(self, cells):
        if not cells or not cells[0]:
            raise ValueError("Лабиринт не может быть пустым")
        self.cells = cells
        self.height = len(cells)
        self.width = len(cells[0])
        self.start = next((cell for row in cells for cell in row if cell.is_start), None)
        self.exit = next((cell for row in cells for cell in row if cell.is_exit), None)

    def get_cell(self, x, y):
        if 0 <= x < self.width and 0 <= y < self.height:
            return self.cells[y][x]
        return None

    def get_neighbors(self, cell):
        neighbors = []
        for dx, dy in ((0, -1), (1, 0), (0, 1), (-1, 0)):
            neighbor = self.get_cell(cell.x + dx, cell.y + dy)
            if neighbor is not None and neighbor.is_passable():
                neighbors.append(neighbor)
        return neighbors


class MazeBuilder(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def build_from_file(self, filename):
        pass


class TextFileMazeBuilder(MazeBuilder):
    SYMBOLS = {"#", " ", "S", "E"}

    def build_from_file(self, filename):
        lines = Path(filename).read_text(encoding="utf-8").splitlines()
        if not lines or not lines[0] or any(len(line) != len(lines[0]) for line in lines):
            raise ValueError("Строки лабиринта должны иметь одинаковую ненулевую длину")
        unknown = {character for line in lines for character in line} - self.SYMBOLS
        if unknown:
            raise ValueError(f"Недопустимые символы: {sorted(unknown)}")
        if sum(line.count("S") for line in lines) != 1 or sum(line.count("E") for line in lines) != 1:
            raise ValueError("Лабиринт должен содержать ровно один старт S и один выход E")

        cells = []
        for y, line in enumerate(lines):
            cells.append([
                Cell(x, y, symbol == "#", symbol == "S", symbol == "E")
                for x, symbol in enumerate(line)
            ])
        return Maze(cells)


class PathFindingStrategy(ABC):
    name = "Неизвестно"

    def __init__(self):
        self.visited_count = 0

    @abstractmethod
    def find_path(self, maze, start, exit_cell):
        pass

    @staticmethod
    def restore_path(parent, start, exit_cell):
        if exit_cell not in parent:
            return []
        path, current = [], exit_cell
        while current is not None:
            path.append(current)
            current = parent[current]
        path.reverse()
        return path if path and path[0] == start else []


class BFSStrategy(PathFindingStrategy):
    name = "BFS"

    def find_path(self, maze, start, exit_cell):
        queue = deque([start])
        parent = {start: None}
        visited = 0
        while queue:
            current = queue.popleft()
            visited += 1
            if current == exit_cell:
                break
            for neighbor in maze.get_neighbors(current):
                if neighbor not in parent:
                    parent[neighbor] = current
                    queue.append(neighbor)
        self.visited_count = visited
        return self.restore_path(parent, start, exit_cell)


class DFSStrategy(PathFindingStrategy):
    name = "DFS"

    def find_path(self, maze, start, exit_cell):
        stack = [start]
        parent = {start: None}
        visited = 0
        while stack:
            current = stack.pop()
            visited += 1
            if current == exit_cell:
                break
            for neighbor in maze.get_neighbors(current):
                if neighbor not in parent:
                    parent[neighbor] = current
                    stack.append(neighbor)
        self.visited_count = visited
        return self.restore_path(parent, start, exit_cell)


class AStarStrategy(PathFindingStrategy):
    name = "A*"

    @staticmethod
    def heuristic(first, second):
        return abs(first.x - second.x) + abs(first.y - second.y)

    def find_path(self, maze, start, exit_cell):
        order = count()
        queue = [(self.heuristic(start, exit_cell), next(order), start)]
        distance = {start: 0}
        parent = {start: None}
        closed = set()
        while queue:
            _, _, current = heappop(queue)
            if current in closed:
                continue
            closed.add(current)
            if current == exit_cell:
                break
            for neighbor in maze.get_neighbors(current):
                new_distance = distance[current] + 1
                if new_distance < distance.get(neighbor, float("inf")):
                    distance[neighbor] = new_distance
                    parent[neighbor] = current
                    priority = new_distance + self.heuristic(neighbor, exit_cell)
                    heappush(queue, (priority, next(order), neighbor))
        self.visited_count = len(closed)
        return self.restore_path(parent, start, exit_cell)


@dataclass
class SearchStats:
    strategy: str
    time_ms: float
    visited_cells: int
    path_length: int
    path: list = field(repr=False)


class Observer(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def update(self, event):
        pass


class ConsoleView(Observer):
    def __init__(self, verbose=True):
        self.verbose = verbose
        self.events = []

    def update(self, event):
        self.events.append(event)
        if self.verbose:
            print(event["message"])

    def render(self, maze, path=None):
        path_cells = set(path or [])
        rows = []
        for row in maze.cells:
            symbols = []
            for cell in row:
                if cell.is_start:
                    symbols.append("S")
                elif cell.is_exit:
                    symbols.append("E")
                elif cell.is_wall:
                    symbols.append("#")
                elif cell in path_cells:
                    symbols.append(".")
                else:
                    symbols.append(" ")
            rows.append("".join(symbols))
        return "\n".join(rows)


class MazeSolver:
    def __init__(self, maze, strategy):
        self.maze = maze
        self.strategy = strategy
        self.observers = []

    def set_strategy(self, strategy):
        self.strategy = strategy

    def attach(self, observer):
        if observer not in self.observers:
            self.observers.append(observer)

    def notify(self, event):
        for observer in self.observers:
            observer.update(event)

    def solve(self):
        self.notify({"type": "search_started", "message": f"Запущен алгоритм {self.strategy.name}"})
        started = perf_counter()
        path = self.strategy.find_path(self.maze, self.maze.start, self.maze.exit)
        elapsed_ms = max((perf_counter() - started) * 1000, 1e-9)
        stats = SearchStats(
            strategy=self.strategy.name,
            time_ms=elapsed_ms,
            visited_cells=self.strategy.visited_count,
            path_length=max(len(path) - 1, 0),
            path=path,
        )
        event_type = "path_found" if path else "path_not_found"
        message = f"{self.strategy.name}: путь длиной {stats.path_length}" if path else f"{self.strategy.name}: путь не найден"
        self.notify({"type": event_type, "message": message, "stats": stats})
        return stats